74HC595: A Comprehensive Guide to High-Efficiency 8-Bit Shift Register Chips
Shift registers are devices that use sequential logic to store and transmit binary data. They are bidirectional circuits that move each bit of data from input to output with each clock pulse. Currently, there are various models of shift registers, among which the 74HC595 is such a serial-to-parallel output shift register. Its function is to convert serial signals into parallel signals, commonly used in driving chips for various digital tubes and dot matrix screens. This article will introduce its specific information from the aspects of pin configuration and application.Catalog
1. Overview of 74HC595
2. Pin Configuration and Functions
3. Logic Diagram of 74HC595
4. Applications of 74HC595
5. Use Cases of 74HC595
6. Enhancing the Driving Capability of the 74HC595
1. Overview of 74HC595
The 74HC595 is an 8-bit shift register that combines serial input with parallel output, offering unique tri-state output options. This complex component operates by receiving serial data through its serial data input (SDI) on the rising edge of the serial clock (SCK). The internal 8-bit shift register processes the data, sequentially outputting from the Q7' terminal—the highest point of serial data output.
- Serial Clock (SCK): Triggered on the rising edge
- Serial Data Input (SDI): Receives 8-bit data
- Q7' Terminal: Highest bit serial data output
- The conversion to parallel output unfolds on the rising edge of the latch control (LCK). It is at this moment that the data in the 8-bit shift register is locked into the 8-bit parallel output register. The values exposed by the parallel outputs are the same as those stored in them, depending on the output enable (OE) signal being low (enabled).
- Latch Control (LCK): Activated on the rising edge
- Output Enable (OE): Activated when low
Alternatives and Equivalent Options
SN74HC595MPWREP
SN74HC595MPWREP
2. Pin Configuration and Functions
The 74HC595 has 16 pins, whose layout proves its versatility:
- SER (Pin 1): The gateway for serial data, SER pin, helps in bit-by-bit transmission into the chip. It initiates data transfer in parallel, one clock pulse at a time.
- RCLK (Pin 2): Acting as the register clock input, RCLK oversees the movement of data from the shift register to the output register, ensuring synchronized data storage.
- SRCLK (Pin 3): This shift register clock input pin coordinates shift operations, managing the pace of data conversion.
- OE (Pin 4): The output enable input indicates data transfer through output pins, switching between enabled and disabled states via its voltage level.
- DS (Pin 5): A bidirectional serial data input, DS provides an alternative data entry point, enhancing communication flexibility.
- ST_CP (Pin 6): Output store trigger clock input controls the timing of data storage in output pins, reflecting changes in the store trigger clock signal.
- SH_CP (Pin 7): Controls the clock input of the shift register, SH_CP is crucial for migrating data in sequence to the shift register.
- Q7' (Pin 8) to Q0-Q7 (Pins 9-16): These output pins represent the core of parallel data propagation, echoing the data of the shift register from the lowest to the highest bit.
3. Logic Diagram of 74HC595
4. Applications of 74HC595
The 74HC595 excels in multiple areas, showcasing its adaptability and efficiency:
Relay Control: Its parallel output functionality allows for simultaneous control of multiple relays, each capable of manipulating one or more electrical devices. This enables the creation of dynamic and robust electrical control systems.
Digital Output Expansion: By connecting a microcontroller's output pins to the 74HC595's serial input, output ports can be conveniently expanded, thereby extending control over other devices.
Display Control: In LCD control scenarios, the 74HC595 smoothly transfers display data to the screen using its serial-to-parallel conversion, ensuring seamless updates of text, images, or video.
Music Beat Lights: Integrating beat control algorithms with the 74HC595 can create LED effects perfectly synchronized with the music rhythm. This fusion captures the essence of music beats, transforming them into captivating LED displays of various frequencies, brightness, and colors.
5. Use Cases of 74HC595
5.1 Designing a Multi-Digit LED Display Using 74HC595
5.1.1 Static Display Method
In the realm of static displays, each LED segment selection line is intricately connected to the parallel outputs of the 74HC595. This connection scheme allows each digit to display independently, with character changes directly managed by the outputs of individual 74HC595 chips.
- Parallel Outputs: Each 74HC595 controls a digit.
- Character Changes: The display can show different characters.
- Although resource-intensive, requiring N 74HC595 chips and N+3 I/O lines for an N-digit LED display, this method also highlights the complexity and cost implications associated with multi-digit LED displays.
5.1.2 Dynamic Display Method
To simplify circuit design, reduce costs, and save system resources for multi-digit LED displays, a unified approach is adopted. Here, the segment codes of all digits are parallelly and managed by a single 74HC595 chip.
- Unified Control: A single 74HC595 controls all digit segments.
- Scanning Method: Characters are displayed sequentially on LEDs.
- Using scanning technology, only one LED character is displayed at any given moment, cycling through each digit to present the intended characters. The latch function of the 74HC595 eliminates the need for additional delays, facilitating a persistence of vision effect without sacrificing operational speed.
5.2 LED Drive Circuit Design Using the 74HC595 Chip
The 74HC595 chip is a member of the 74 series, known for its fast operation, low power consumption, and ease of use. It serves as an effective bridge between microcontrollers and LED displays, offering many advantages.
5.2.1 LED Displays
LED displays, especially seven-segment LED displays, are favored for their cost-effectiveness, low power consumption, and reliability. While feature-rich dedicated LED drivers are available, their higher cost makes the 74HC595 a preferred choice for budget-conscious and simplified systems.
Advantages of Using 74HC595: Fast speed, low power consumption, capable of driving different numbers of LEDs.
Flexibility and Power Efficiency: The 74HC595 enables easy brightness control and energy-saving operations, suitable for both common anode and common cathode displays.
Flexibility and Power Efficiency: The 74HC595 enables easy brightness control and energy-saving operations, suitable for both common anode and common cathode displays.
5.2.2 Design Using the 74HC595 Chip
This setup is illustrated through an interface design with the AT89C2051 microcontroller and the 74HC595, showcasing a voltage display using three digital tubes, emphasizing the importance of orderly data presentation and adjustable brightness.
Control Pins (P115, P116, P117): Manage the brightness and sequence of LED displays.
6. Enhancing the Driving Capability of the 74HC595
Buffers or Drivers: Using buffers like the 74LS244 (unidirectional) or 74LS245 (bidirectional) can enhance signal driving strength and stability.
Appropriate Power Supply: Ensuring the power supply is within the recommended voltage range and has sufficient power to meet load requirements is crucial for optimal performance.
External Drive Circuits: For loads exceeding the direct output capability of the 74HC595, external drive circuits using transistors, FETs, or dedicated driver chips can amplify the output signal.
PCB Layout Considerations: Minimizing resistance and inductance in PCB traces can improve signal transmission efficiency while avoiding excessive noise and interference to maintain signal quality.
Suitable Load Resistors: Choosing load resistors based
on the characteristics of the load device can prevent overcurrent situations that could damage the 74HC595 chip.
Parallel Output Configuration: For applications requiring a large number of devices with similar driving requirements, paralleling the outputs of multiple 74HC595 chips can enhance overall driving capability, provided the combined current does not exceed the chip's maximum output limit.
Frequently Asked Questions
1. Is the 74HC595 a microcontroller?
The 74HC595 is a shift register operating on a Serial IN Parallel OUT protocol. It receives data serially from a microcontroller and then sends that data through parallel pins.
2. What is the function of the 74HC595?
The 74HC595 is a high-speed CMOS device. The eight-bit shift register accepts data from the serial input (DS) with each positive transition of the shift register clock (SHCP). When set to low, the reset function sets all shift register values to zero independently of all clocks.
3. How much current can the 74HC595 withstand?
The datasheet for the 74HC595 states that each output can provide at least 35mA of current, as this is the maximum allowed output current. This clearly exceeds the 25mA allowed by µC. Another limitation is the total amount of current provided by the 74HC595 should not exceed 70mA.
4. What is the difference between MAX7219 and 74HC595?
The 74HC595 is a shift register, while the MAX7219 is a multiplexed display driver. Thus, they do not do the same thing. If using a multiplexed display, the MAX7219 would be (more) easy to use with PICAXE, as the task of multiplexing the display is done by the MAX7219 and not the PICAXE, but it is more expensive.